'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost (1916) and A Comparison with Essay

'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost (1916) and A Comparison with Other Selected Literary Pieces - Essay Example It is, of course much deeper in meaning than that straightforward description. By the use of color, he paints an autumnal scene, suggesting he is looking back at himself later in his life. For example, "...yellow wood" (l. 1) for the leaves are not green, and again in "In leaves no step had trodden black" (l. 12), give the impressions of mulchy, earthy scents of autumn. The poet's own voice is heard throughout, sharing thought, feeling and action. There is gentle irony in "Oh, I kept the first for another day!" (l.13) and again in: His descriptive narrative, reasoning processes, and finally, a suggestion of regret, created by using the word 'sigh', combine to inform us that this is not a person at a rural crossroads, looking for a shortcut to town. The underlying meaning is how we all have choices to make, how it is necessary for us to rationalize them to ourselves, and how, with hindsight, we might wish we had chosen otherwise. The poem speaks of the consequences of our action, and that finally, we have to live with these, you cannot go back. It calls up visual and sensual images with the language used. It also suggests that it is brave to take the road less traveled, to be different and to seek adventure and change. Dream Variations (1926) and Harlem (1942): Lan... The underlying meaning is how we all have choices to make, how it is necessary for us to rationalize them to ourselves, and how, with hindsight, we might wish we had chosen otherwise. The poem speaks of the consequences of our action, and that finally, we have to live with these, you cannot go back. It calls up visual and sensual images with the language used. It also suggests that it is brave to take the road less traveled, to be different and to seek adventure and change. Dream Variations (1926) and Harlem (1942): Langston Hughes' two poems are less traditional in form and rhythm, but bursting with color, movement, heat and power. 'Dream Variations' is full of hope and self-awareness, it is exultant and exuberant as are the actions and emotions portrayed. "To whirl and to dance" (l. 3) and "Dance! Whirl! Whirl!" (l. 12). The repetition of "To fling my arms wide" (l. 1 and 10) keeps the momentum and joyful action going. The use of "Dark like me- " (l. 8) and "Black like me" (l.17) where Hughes uses the similes of night and nature, suggests that this is someone who has made a choice as to how and what he wants to be; in contrast to Frost, there is no doubt or regret, no weighing up, he has made up his mind, even if in a dream. "That is my dream" (l. 9) shows a depth of emotional self-belief. 3. 'Harlem What happens to a dream deferred' uses stark, vivid and sensual contradictions in the imagery, dispersing the hope and joy in the earlier poem. The meaning is clarified by "Maybe it just sags like a heavy load." (l. 9-10) and this links back to Frost's regret, but is more powerful in its anger. The same feeling of wanting our choices to lead to happiness and fulfillment is

Language Investigation Essay Example for Free

Language Investigation Essay How gender affect linguistics in programmes. For this investigation I aim to produce a theory on the language of gender orientation in programming. I think it will be interesting to observe how the role of male and female in our society can affect the programmes that are broadcasted and the linguistics that feature when a programme adheres to a particular gender roles. I will take into account the contextual factors to fully assess whether it is gender, or other factors such as age, class or culture, that affects the language of a programme. The type of programming I am going to study are childrens television programmes because they are commonly reflective of societys stereotypical views of gender. It is important to assess the influence of heavily male or female based language on children, and whether it forms a gender identity within them and affects how they linguistically interact with those around them. My hypothesis is that language will be heavily male orientated, following from the stereotypical role males have to assert dominance in society. I have chosen to study the childrens cartoon X-Men because it has an interesting reflection of gender portrayed through language. I am going to begin by analysing the title of the programme I am going to study X-Men. This title introduces the influence of male superiority through the language it uses, instantaneously using the word men to portray the themes of the programme. Instead of the programme only containing men as the title suggests, there is actually an equal number of men as there is women in the X-Men, so we can conclude that they play a dominant role in the programming, and the influence of stereotypical gender views have responsibility for this. It should also be considered that the women in this programme are represented through male characteristics, and by conforming to this and seen as part of the X-Men, they are not inferior, but instead seen as equal through another gender. The title clearly suggests that the programme is male orientated, and degrades the influence of the female gender in association with the themes of power and battle. Looking into the idea that the female characters in the X-Men are represented with male traits, I am going to study the language of the names used for each character. Without knowing the gender beforehand, it is difficult to associate any of the names with an influence of the female gender. Nearly every name is associates with male traits. For instance when looking at the name Wolverine we can clearly determine that the wolf is a origin for power, teamwork and male dominance, which is appropriate to the male character. In comparison to Rogue, a name which has no female influence, and disassociates the gender from the character, giving her a power orientated name, but suggests that the male represents power. This transcript is of a mostly male conversation, and reveals how the programme orientates towards this gender through its language. The use of M1-4 represents the 4 different male characters in this scene, and F1 represents the only female character. M2/3 are very aggressive, using phrases such as Lets crush him and I think me and my buds are gonna squash this slimeball. This associates the male figure as one of violence. This is disconcerting that this view could influence young children, because they will associate power and dominance with aggression, which could have all sorts of implications of their behaviour. Other male characteristics in the language of this scene are using last names for refer to each other, and imperatives to dominate the conversation and assert their authority. This fits in with George Keith and Jon Shuttleworths theory, found in Living Language, that men are competitive in conversation, as opposed to women, who are more supportive. The role of the female in this transcript is very brief, but she clearly supports the other character of Scott, rather than tries to compete with him. This transcript show how female characters are represented as weaker than male. It is interesting to consider that F1 is a dominating powerful character, with many male traits, when the programme deals with the super heros and battle scenes. In comparison, in this scene, she is represented as the supporting character, and inferior to the males. This suggests that the programme still has connotations of the weakness of the female gender. For instance when F1 says Oh, you poor baby! her language suggests she is being supportive. The use of the word baby has maternal connotations, which is representative of stereotypical domestic and mothering views of females. The language associated with this programme portrays how the male gender dominates the linguistics of X-Men which gives an insight into the general view of gender orientation of the programme. These two examples are more substantial in that they are repeated with every episode that a young child watches. It is important to analyse how a heavily male orientated programme effects children. We should consider that a childs perception of the reality of a television programme is somewhat unclear, and its influence could change their gender associated behaviour and understandings. When watching X-Men a young child receives language that has strong connotations of male dominance and power, which leads young children to gender roles themselves, which society have been trying to break for some time now.

The Strategy To Raise Standards In British Prisons

The Strategy To Raise Standards In British Prisons Political and Academic interest in the privatization of British Prisons has steadily risen since its sudden revival during the 1980s and 1990s. This interest has been precipitated by a rapid rise in the prison population and the directly related escalation of running costs and difficulties of running a consistently efficient service. Privatization was seen by many policy-makers as providing an important step forward towards improving conditions, bringing about change and innovation, and improving the overall quality of the British prison system. The private sector was believed to be capable of delivering a better standard of service with greater efficiency and a higher degree of accountability. Subsequently, the last decade has seen a steady growth of private sector involvement in the British prison system. This essay will examine the argument that privatization offers an important strategy to raise standards within Britains prisons and consider any problems associated with this appr oach. The privatisation of corrections is now understood to mean some form of the ownership or management of prisons by private corporations. The role of the private sector in contemporary corrections is, however, much broader than this narrow definition. Savas (1987) points out that the private sector is involved in corrections in five distinct ways. It may: (1) finance and construct prisons; (2) operate facilities for juveniles; (3) operate facilities for adults; (4) provide work for prisoners, and (5) provide specific contractual services, such as health care and vocational education for inmates and staff. The recent move towards the privatization of British prisons has been largely based on the substantial increase of the prison population. Between 1993 and 1996 the UK prison population increased from 43,000 to 54,000, a rate of about 100 per 100,000 of the entire population. This rapid rise has led to widespread overcrowding and a decrease in standards, making living conditions for many prisoners highly unpleasant. Prisoners overall health has deteriorated and suicide and self-mutilation rates have climbed rapidly. Added to this, staff morale has also fallen and widespread scepticism of the value and objective of prisoner programmes has grown. It has been clear for some time that widespread changes and new strategies are needed in order to tackle the problems within the prison system. The main priorities for improving the system have included; increasing prison capacity, introducing working practices that are more accommodating and flexible for prison and probation staff and the need for greater accountability from those responsible for running prison services. The claim that all this could be achieved at substantially reduced costs simply by encouraging greater private sector involvement in the delivery of penal policy has been increasingly seen by some as a quick fix solution to many of the penal systems most pressing problems (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 227) It is important to now look at how it is proposed that privatizing Britains prisons will lead to such improvements in standards. Supporters of the privatization of Britains prisons argue that there are a number of potential benefits directly associated with the commercial competition that privatization would produce. For example, through the creation of a market force private organisations would be encouraged to maintain and indeed improve upon high standards of cost effectiveness and efficiency in order to achieve the successful renewal of current government contracts and to compete for new service contracts. Logan Rausch (1985) suggest that due to the way they are financed public sector organisations are inefficient and ineffective. As the private sector is motivated by competition and profit it is dedicated to providing maximum satisfaction to its clients and customers at a minimum cost. Alternatively, in the public sector; bureaucrats are rewarded not according to the performanc e of their organization but according to the size and budget of their agencies, thus they are more interested in empire building than in increasing their efficiency. Beyens Snacken also examine this point, arguing that; Proponents claim that privatization is the best way to decrease costs and construct new, better designed prisons more quickly. By introducing the element of competition and new management techniques, better quality for less money can be achieved. It is stated that private correctional services can operate more efficiently, because of less bureaucratic red tape and a higher motivation to control costs. Privatization, many claim leads to heightened accountability within the prison system. It is argued that the government is in an ideal position to impose strict guidelines and include detailed service standards within contracts, making companies readily accountable and putting them at risk of financial penalties for failure to fulfil them. As the government no longer have to defend its own shortcomings it can be more active in challenging private companies for failing to meet contractual obligations. Most private contractors accept and appreciate the value of full time independent monitors who are present within private prisons acting as an additional guarantee of contract compliance. Public sector prisons do not have similar fully independent monitors. Also, healthy competition between private sector rivals would also have a regulatory effect as agencies are inclined to monitor each others performance for weaknesses and failings in order to gain a commercial advantage. It is clear that the primary rationale for passing the management of prisons into private hands is that they are expected to operate at lower running costs than those controlled by the Home Office. If success is to be measured on effective cost-cutting and meeting required standards of service, supporters of privatization are convinced that a sustained push in this direction will produce positive results. It has been estimated that the running costs of private prisons are 15-25 per cent below those of state prisons (Tilt, 1995). A prison review in 1997, stated that privately run prisons on average, offered an operational cost saving of 8-15 per cent. A Parliamentary Select Committee in 1996-97 looked at the management of offenders in the public and private sectors. It reported that an expansion of the private sector would lead to an increase in efficiency in the public sector. It concluded that private prisons were operating well in terms of quality of performance, and that their ove rall performance was as good as, and in some cases better than, publicly administered prisons. However, critics argue that recent improvements in the efficiency of public sector prisons have led to a continuous narrowing in the operating cost saving offered by privately operated prisons so that by 1998 the differential had been reduced to 2-11 per cent (Woodbridge, 1999). Those against privatization also argue that any reduced running costs comes at a high price; to the detriment of the number of staff employed, staff wages, conditions of employment and working conditions (Joyce, 2001:221). For example, it has been reported that contracted-out prisons, often favouring high technology security measures, have on average 16 per cent fewer staff per prisoner than public sector prisons. Also pay and conditions for staff at private sector prisons are often poor in comparison with the public sector. Salaries are 14 per cent lower and members of staff deliver on average 10 per cent more working hours per week. These factors may account to some degree for the high levels of staff turno ver at private prisons, reported to be approximately 30 per cent. The usefulness of privatization and indeed its principles have been widely criticised and numerous problems that it potentially produces have been identified. Firstly, many critics focus the emphasis on the traditional notion of privatization a concept already partially discredited in the western world because of its association with inflated profiteering and the abandonment of the public interest (Harding, 1997: 1). It is heavily argued that the running of Britains prisons for profit has very negative consequences. This serious criticism of privatization is that the profit motive is entirely incompatible with successful prison administration. In order to make profit, private organisations are dependent on receiving a continually high supply of inmates into their institutions. There are numerous examples of how this may affect the treatment of offenders and prisoners. Early release times for prisoners may potentially be discouraged or ignored when prison numbers are relatively low. Also, government and other leading political policy-makers may be inclined to put pressure on legislators to create directives and pass acts that are both decisively custody based and increasingly punitive. Another factor that must be taken into account due to the reliance of private contractors on prisoner numbers for profit is the issue of overcrowding. One of the key ideas promoting privatization is the improvement of standards and living conditions for prisoners, private prisons may develop a tendency towards increasing prisoner numbers in order to raise profits leading to overcrowding and its inherent problems This argument clearly reveals how the underlying commercial motivation of private organisations can have serious repercussions for the manner in which private prisons are run, posing serious and seemingly unanswerable questions to those who absolutely support privatization. Another major concern with privatization is that there will be an increased emphasis on security, to the detriment of attempts to reform or rehabilitate prisoners. The contract between the Home Office and a private company does not require the contractor to help inmates lead good and useful lives (Joyce, 2001: 221). Most criminologists agree that the rehabilitation and education of prisoners is a crucial function of the penal system. It is hard to disagree with both Durham (1989) and Shichor (1995) who maintain that the changing penal trend away from rehabilitation and training towards containment, incapacitation and deterrence has hastened the acceptance of privatization as a viable policy option. From a financial perspective, more prisons means more outlay. Prisons are expensive capital items with high running costs. Thus, there is considerable attraction in any policy designed to reduce those costs. In addition, the incapacitation or protection of the public function is an easier administrative task to hand over to private companies and their employees than the treatment and training of offenders (Genders, 2002). By failing to provide any rehabilitation and training to offenders, private prisons become institutions with the sole function of punishing prisoners through incapacitation for profit. Another potentially serious pitfall of widespread privatization is that the government may become reliant on the services of a handful of powerful companies; this could result in the government to some extent being held to ransom and thus be forced to pay higher prices in order to continually increase the profits of the private sector organisations. This potential problem is magnified where private prison operators are contracted to take over the entire running of an institution, including initially building it, owning it and managing it, as is now to be the case for all future tendered contracts in England and Wales. A key question that remains unanswered is whether, in remaining paymaster but delegating service delivery, the state truly does retain control over standards whether in fact there still is present that degree of public accountability and control that must always be requisite when the state exercises its ultimate power of restraint and punishment over the citizen ( Hard ing, 1997: 2)? A final criticism of privatization is based on the limited indicators of how private prisons have performed up to now. Despite the previously discussed increased emphasis on a security focused approach within private prisons, it seems that there are serious control issues within them. Virtually all privately-managed prisons have experienced serious control problems, at least during the initial period after opening. In most cases the problems appear to have been more severe, and more intractable, than would normally be expected in the case of a comparably newly-commissioned public sector prison (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 247) In conclusion, the involvement of the private sector in Britains prison system has so far been limited to the delivery of particular services; the government has retained responsibility for producing and implementing changes in policy and for monitoring the performance and standards of private prisons. Proponents of privatization claim that it has and can continue to improve standards of service and efficiency, whilst also cutting running costs. As Tabarrok (2003: 10) argues We now know that private prisons can be built more quickly, operated at lower cost, and maintained at a quality level at least as high as government-run prisons. However, many writers dispute such claims and believe that a continued government policy towards privatization as a method of improving the British prison service is deeply flawed and may become a barrier to developing a programme of fundamental change aimed at improving the standards of the whole of the prison system. Privatization as an ideology and as a practice is not only unlikely to provide a remedy for the malaise affecting the prison system; it could easily become a major part of the problem (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 255). Despite serious criticisms; the future of private prisons is not clear. We do not know whether it will become a viable alternative to government run prisons or remain a small segment of the correctional system as it is today, or if it will be only a temporary phenomenon (Schihor, 1995: 18). Overall, whether private sector involvement in running Britains prisons increases or decreases in the long-term remains to be seen. It is clear, however, that the debate surrounding the subject will continue to flourish at least until clear indicators of the performance of private prisons are revealed. Evidence, so far, provides few answers. As Liebling Sparks, (2002: 283) conclude; Some former doubters and critics have been converted. Some predicted disasters have not transpired; and many privately managed institution s appear on available indicators to have operated at least as well (or put another way no worse than) their directly managed counterparts. References Beyens, K. Snacken, S. (1996) Prison Privatization: An International Perspective in Matthews, R. Francis, P. (eds.) (1996) Prisons 2000: An International Perspective on the Current State and Future of Imprisonment, Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. Cavadino, M. Dignan, J. (2002) The Penal System: An Introduction (3rd edition), London: Sage Publications Ltd. Genders, E. (2002) Legitimacy, Accountability and Private Prisons in Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology (2002) Vol. 4 (3): 285-303. Harding, R. W. (1997) Private Prisons and Public Accountability, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. James, A. L. et al. (1997) Privatizing Prisons: Rhetoric and Reality, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Joyce, P. (2001) Crime and the Criminal Justice System, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Liebling, A. and Sparks, R. (2002) Editors Preface, in Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology (2002) Vol. 4 (3): 283-284. Lilly, R. J. Knepper, P. (1992) An International Perspective on the Privatisation of Corrections, in The Howard Journal (1992) Vol. 31 (3): 174-191. Schihor, D. (1995) Punishment for Profit: Private Prisons/Public Concerns, London: Sage Publications. Tabarrok, T. (ed) (2003) Changing the Guard: Private Prisons and the Control of Crime, California: The Independent Institute.

An Analysis of Blake’s The Wild Swans at Coole Essay -- Wild Swans at

An Analysis of Blake’s "The Wild Swans at Coole"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Wild Swans at Coole" is a poem that deals with the aging process of William Butler Yeats. It is a deeply personal poem that explores the cycle of life through nature. The poem is set in Coole Park in autumn, which is located on Lady Gregory’s estate. The poet is on or near the shore of a large pond, and is observing the swans. It has been nineteen years since the first time he came to this place, and it is on this visit that he begins to realize that he is getting older. The poet parallels nature in the poem, as it represents his present state while, in the poem, there is a contrast between the poet and the swan because the swan is used as a metaphor for the poet’s youth. The poem is written in iambic pentameter and consists of five pairs of stressed and unstressed syllables. The use of nature in the poem serves to illustrate the poet’s age. The first line of the poem, "The trees are in their autumn beauty", presents the reader with a sense of maturity. The trees are ready to complete their yearly cycle by losing their leaves. A vision of bare branches comes to mind after reading this line, representing vulnerability in a bare tree. The leaves that the tree has shed protected the "skeleton" of the tree. Like the tree, the poet will lose something as well when his own cycle nears completion. The leaves can also be associated with the poet’s youth; like a tree, without its leaves, man without his youth is vulnerable. The poet will lose his youth, and in his old age, he too will be exposed to the harshness of the world. The use of the line "The woodland paths are dry" in line 2 reinforces the first line of the poem by presenting the reader with an image of dried... ...eping, but he is in fact waking from his death. "The Wild Swans at Coole" is a poem dominated by the ideas of the poet’s youth, and the presence of death in his future. Yeat’s uses symbols such as nature to represent his present self, and the swans to represent his youth. On this, the poet’s nineteenth visit to Coole, he becomes aware of his age. He parallels himself with much of what he sees in nature, and envies the swans because they represent a permanence that the poet could not achieve. It is as if time has stood still at this pond because it is the same as Yeat’s remembers it to be nineteen years ago. The ending of the poem foreshadows the poets demise, and it can be assumed that this visit will be his last to Coole Park on Lady Gregory’s estate. Works Cited: Parrish, Stephen The Wild Swans at Coole (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1995)

Criminology Theories-Differential Association and Strain Theory

In criminology, theories play an important role especially in understanding the settings, motivations, assets, behaviors and actions of criminals. These theories serve as their guidelines in order to detect and sometimes read the plans of their enemies. Unfortunately, these theories are not one hundred percent accurate, however, learning these aspects are still essential. Differential Association and Strain Theories are most commonly used in the field of criminology. These theories aim to explain the totality and the instinctive or social development of criminal ideation in a person.The theories mentioned are extremely necessary for authorities to understand and to be familiar with. Criminal Theories – Differential Association Theory vs. Strain Theory Theories in criminology tend to be unclear and lacking in justifiable broadness. The lack of clarity can sometimes end up in apparent inconsistencies, although more attention to the structure of a scientific theory and its requir ements might reveal more agreement among theorists than now recognized. In fact, rarely do available theories offer guidance that does not require heroic leaps of conjecture.Practicality is not a requirement of a valid theory since theories might be void but still of use. However, condition for a theory to be considered certifiable is none other than practicality. Criminology is the scientific study of crime; hence, theories need to have adequate basis in order to prove true and be considered useful. Another denotation of the term Criminology is the study of law making, law breaking and the response to law breaking. This definition of criminology is also a useful way to categorize the theories.Theories of law breaking are the most common and essential in the field of Criminology. The questions that usually come out is â€Å"why do people commit crime? † or â€Å"What makes countries more prone to crime than other? † These theories serve as the guide of practice and a p rotocol to assist the implementation of law and reading of crimes (Vito, Maahs & Holmes, 2007 p. 14). The research paper aims to describe specific theories and analyze its over-all concept as well as comparisons. The main theories highlighted in this paper are Differential Association Theory and Strain Theory.These theories are explained and scrutinized in order to obtain various points of essentials and utilize it in order to come up with a critical analysis of the said theories. The following are questions that are considered objectives of this research work. a. What are the theories of Differential Association Theory and Strain Theory? Discuss the concepts embedded in each theory and obtain the important data present. b. What are the comparisons and differentiations of the following theories? What are the important points to be noted in each theory?The research study does not deal with any under topics except for these theories. By the end of the paper, a conclusion regarding the over-all study is present. Differential Association Theory The Differential Theory has been brought by Edwin Sutherland, and this has been considered as one of the best constitutions in the field of criminology. The evolution of criminology and formation of this theory have started because of this man’s desire to have a new direction in the field of criminology. He has rejected the biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime.The need for money or resources is never a motivating factor for a person to commit a crime. Due to this curious out-searching, he has arrived in the theory of Differential Association Theory. Another term for this theory is the â€Å"Social Learning Theory†, wherein psycho-cognitive and analytic observations are implemented. Different association proposes that criminal associations and normative conflict vary across community types; hence, this variation is linked in the rationale for varying crime rates (Hoffman 2003). The concept of this theory states that delinquency is learned just as all other forms of behavior are learned.It implies that Different Association Theories are those associated in various factors such as changing community, the individual itself, the environment and family upbringing. These are the things that influence the person’s behavioral concept, and if not guided properly, criminal acts may be produced. Sutherland (1947) proposed that crime and delinquency are learned in small-group contexts through the acquisition of a preponderance of messages defining law-violating behavior as acceptable or appropriate. (Dennis & Neff, 2007)Moreover, this theory emphasizes on the genetic origins of criminal behavior, thus implying biological initiatives in crime control. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, Differential Association Theory poses no obvious threats to the humane treatment of those identified as criminals (Hoff man 2003). The conditions of this theory also suggests that the more frequent, intense, salient, and enduring a youth's exposure to prodelinquency definitions, the more likely they will be to adopt these definitions and to use them to rationalize or justify engaging in delinquent behavior.Delinquency stems from a positive identification with law-violating behavior learned in interaction within primary groups, which is an exact opposite of strain-induced negative emotions (Dennis & Neff, 2007). Testing Theory Validity According to the journal of Van Gundy and Rebellon (2006), differential association theory can be used in tracing out the behavior of crime acts in an individual. A test has been conducted in teenagers who are into use of Marijuana. Specifically, among respondents who reported using other illicit drugs in 1980, only 2.8% simultaneously reported that they had abstained from the use of marijuana in the same year.The researchers gathered these individuals and they obtain a n interview as well as drug sample from this group of people. The focus is too asses the origins of criminal behavior guided by the conditions of marijuana usage. According to the respondents who have been reported using drugs other than marijuana, the presence of moral attachments, commitments or involvements are either fragile, low or absent.It has been noted that these individuals have higher association with substance-using peers than do those who report abstaining from such drugs. These results suggest that variables derived from existing delinquency theory are capable of explaining about fifty percent of the relationship between prior marijuana use and other illicit drug use. In terms of differential association, the results obtained from the two controlled groups lies differently. The presence of reinforcement agents (peers, drug-using community, etc) and negative events are also being examined if these factors can directly affect the said behavior.It has been noted that the individuals who have been using other drugs aside from marijuana have intense negative feelings towards family, difficulties and other personal areas of their lives. On the other hand, the other group also manifests negative feelings; however, the difference is the degree and coping towards these causations. In the end of their experiment, the criminal behavior that develops in a person is not brought by economical needs or the problems itself but with the environment present around the client. Strain Theory Strain theory is another proposed subject in this argument.The theory of Strain suggests that a key motivational factor in delinquency and misconduct is strain, which is some perceived or actual state of discomfort. The strain of pursuing goals within diverse opportunity structures may lead to adaptations such as crime, delinquency, and other deviant behavior (Hoffman 2003). One example in this statement shows when a teenager desires for money, since the things that money can bu y–nice clothes, CDs, movies, and so on—and the lack of money causes inability to obtain such wants. This event now produces strain in the part of the teenager.This strain in turn leads to attempts to resolve the problem through theft (a direct attempt to resolve financial insolvency) or alcohol and drug use (an indirect attempt to deal with the shame of insolvency). Either way, the theory of strain works by the induction of psychological strain itself (Apel et. Al 2003). Another definition provided by Dennis and Neff (2007) supports the claims of Apel (2003). General strain theory (GST) suggests that delinquency results from a youth's emotional response to negative relationships with others.The negative relationships embody situations in which a youth fails to obtain a valued goal, loses something of value, or is presented with some type of noxious or aversive stimuli. Thus, a juvenile who is failing in school, or who loses contact with a parent due to abandonment or d eath, or who experiences some type of victimization can be said to be experiencing strain. The emotion of anger or frustration resulting from the experience of strain, rather than the strain itself, leads the youth to engage in law-violating behavior.The main point in this statement is the occurrence of strain is not directly the valued point of origin in the case of Stain theory. The reason behind is the power of a person to control or manipulate the situation is still present; however, if in case the person breaks down because of this strain experience, that is the time wherein a person manifests valiant and law-breaking actions. Moreover, different types of delinquency or crime results from different forms of adaptation to anomie-induced strain. Property crimes, such as theft, represented innovative adaptations.Using alcohol and other drugs, on the other hand, could be thought of as a retreatist mode of adaptation; i. e. , behavior that not only symbolically rejects the instituti onalized means to achieve a positive goal, but also rejects the goal itself (Dennis & Joan, 2007). Strain comes from various origins depending on the case situation of an individual. Not every case of a person entitles him in a single strain response but rather, multi-evident causations. Using alcohol and drugs, for example, can be considered forms of â€Å"self-medication,† which may provide a sense of relief.Often than not, financially or resource depressed societies are more likely to be populated by â€Å"strained† individuals. In this case, these communities suffer from more blocked opportunity structures. Hence these communities tend to create an atmosphere conducive to anger and frustration, key antecedents to delinquent behavior. Such kind of community breeds crime, as according to the theory, and acts of wrongdoing. Differential Association Theory vs. Strain Theory Differential theory by definition stated above originates from the intrinsic characteristic of a person, influenced by the individual’s environment and molding assists.The criminal behavior is primarily because of influence of those individuals who are also linked in the same act of criminal acts. A person learns to commit crimes little by little until a person commits it without any hesitation. The psychosocial environment greatly suggests such conditioners as the primary causation of crimes. The raise of crime rates are because of the instilled negative thoughts, inappropriate guidance and lack of attachments, commitments or relationships. On the other hand, Strain theory talks about the causation of crimes not directly because of strain but due to failure in tolerating these kinds of stimuli.They are both result of negative impregnation of environmental pressures that in the end leads the client vulnerable to breakdown. The theory suggests that a person performs acts of delinquency not because of attachments or relationships but rather because of the pressuring strai n. The crime rates, according to this theory, justify the increased criminal persona in places wherein financial depression or extreme difficulties are present. The last resort of the individuals is nothing but to commit crimes.In an example given, a person is ready to kill just to get the material possession that the person wants to acquire. We can determine some connections between the two since both of them are etiological conceptualizations of criminal behavior. In the case wherein, a depressed community is surrounding a person, significantly full of drug addicts and negative and influencers, a person still strives to obtain moral life. Let us say that this person has a good job as well as good family relationships. The strain in his job is greatly pressuring his everyday living.Fortunately, the person can still withstand such condition. However, because of the influence brought by the environment, such as the person’s peers, he begins declining his work productivity. Giv en a situation wherein his brothers are hospitalized and he just got fired from work, he badly needs money. In this case, the person breaks down and resort to theft. The situation calls forth occurrence of the two theories in simultaneous condition. The surrounding environment of the client influences the breeding of negative emotions, which cause the person to have fragile stand in his principles.The strain theory becomes evident when the strain of loosing a job and need for money enters in. In the end of the discussion, the person commits the crime based on influential factors as well as straining. Conclusion In conclusion, of this paper, the answer to the proposed questions in the introduction is properly addressed in the body of the research paper. The significance of such theory in criminology is the substantial or even estimated estimate analysis of the person’s criminal behavior origin.In such cases, the authorities require to learn such principles because this can hel p understand the motives, intentions and plans of the whole crime actions as well as the criminal itself. However, we should not be limited in these two theories alone since, human beings vary the same as their intentions and modes of focus. These theories are not applicable in other cases, therefore the best thing to do is to understand the whole concept of theory and at the same time train the assessment skills in order to avoid theoretical falsehood.

How to Make Human Resource Management in North East Wessex District Council more effective

How to Make Human Resource Management in North East Wessex District Council more effective Introduction North East Wessex District Council is the organization which deals with providing government services to the citizens of southern England. The company employs about 300 people. Age, gender and other characteristics are absolutely different as well as the time employees have spend with the organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How to Make Human Resource Management in North East Wessex District Council more effective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has decided to merge with North West Wessex District Council with the purpose to reduce some money by means of outsourcing some services provided by North West Wessex District Council. It becomes obvious that human resources play crucial part in company functioning. Perfectly organized Human Resource Management may be really helpful for the company and may increase its profit and labor productivity. The main purpose of this report is to con sider some ways and strategies which may be directed at the company with the purpose to organize the human resources in such a way that it could be possible to improve cost effectiveness of the company. Here is the list of actions the company should provide to improve its efficiency. ‘Glass Ceiling’ Elimination It was considered that the ‘glass ceiling’ exists in the company. It is extremely inconvenient and out of fashion now. The world has understood that women may be rather efficient in work and they may improve the work of the whole organization. One of the main reasons for setting ‘glass ceiling’ is that women should balance work and family which makes them distract from their responsibilities too often. Still, it has already been proven that women may cope with their responsibilities both at the workplace and at home successfully. Thus, being guided by the experience of such companies as AFLAC, Quaker Oats Company, IBM, KPMG, etc. it may be concluded that such organizations have succeed by using special programs which are really helpful. Thus, IBM and KPMG say that those programs helped to increase the number of women specialists in their companies (Bohlander Snell 2009, p. 224). It is impossible to imagine that women can become successful in aviation industry, but a number of stories show that it is possible to fly above the glass ceiling and become successful in aviation industry (Anderson 2009). Training and Retirement Morrison and Spink (2010) having conducted an analysis of some companies and the actions they have provided offer to provide consultations to the staff on all levels, to increase staff motivation and training programs, the flexible working and job share arrangements also positively influenced the working process.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, considering the techniqu es used by the Blackpool Fylde and Wyre hospitals Foundation Trust, it may be concluded that the reduction of the overtime costs by means of hiring new employees who became responsible for more tasks is also an effective strategy (Morrison Spink 2010, p. 15). It is necessary to mention that there are 114 employees who are either 50 or more years old. This means that these people are going to retire soon. It is important to become involved into preretirement programs which may be helpful both for the company and for the employees as well (Bohlander Snell 2009, p. 511). Thus, the company hires a person who is going to learn some special responsibilities the worker performed. This is not going to be difficult for a young employee to become involved in the working process in the future. Moreover, looking at the number of people who are going to be retired within the next 10-15 years, it may be concluded that it is necessary to train young new employees now in order they could become d eserving followers. Say that training helps retention and this is extremely important. If people see that they are necessary, if they see that the managers spend money on them, they understand that hey bar necessary. It is better to teach and train employees rather than hire quality specialists as it is cheaper and the worker who has been trained knows the specifics of the profession and can properly utilize his/her knowledge (Dela Cruz 2004, p. 11). Outsourcing Considering the opportunity to merge with the purpose of outsourcing of some facilities, it is possible to say that it can be a good opportunity to apply human resource administration onto the web. The technologies allow providing such operation and to make those effective, confirming Lawler and Fitzenz (2004). Such changes may be helpful for â€Å"an organization to maintain competitive costs and service levels and support its business model† (Lawler Fitzenz 2004, p. 212). It should be mentioned that outsourcing opp ortunities may be extremely helpful for the organization, especially in IT sphere. The outsourcing of such services after the companies merge may be helpful, especially if to pay attention to the following, the software is cheaper as two companies use one (Reddy 2005). The research conducted by Yang, J. et al (2008) in China showed that good collaboration and training of the staff increased the efficiency of the performed work. The idea of human resources outsourcing is supported by Fitz-enz and Davison (2002) who state that the function of human resources is entering its final stage. The outsourcing of human resources is the best step in the name of cost-effectiveness (Fitz-enz Davison 2002). Hosking (2009) also states that to achieve cost-effective functioning of the company, it is possible to hire temporary professional, as the company does (31 employees are hired on the temporary conditions).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How to Make Human Resource Management in North East Wessex District Council more effective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Special Additions for Managing Human Resources It should be mentioned that there are some specific categories which should be supported by the organization; they are â€Å"training and development†, â€Å"human resource information system†, and â€Å"health, safety and working conditions† (Huang, Budhwar Debrah 2001, p. 62). It should also be mentioned that the work and fun should be balanced as well. On the basis of the experience provided by the Coca Cola Company, it may be concluded that effective communication between all the members in the team is important for the productive functioning of the whole company (The Coca Cola Company 2008). Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion it should be mentioned that the companies and managers began to consider human resources as not just people who work, but as the business fu nction of the whole business. The decision of the North East Wessex District Council to merge with North West Wessex District Council is a great opportunity for the company to improve the work of human resources by using outsourcing techniques. Moreover, the report has provided the readers with the information which may be really interesting and useful for North East Wessex District Council in the question if managing human resources. Reference List Anderson, N., 2009. Flying above the Glass Ceiling: Inspirational Stories of Success from the First Women Pilots to Fly Airline and Corporate Aircraft. Sheffield: Safe Goods. Bohlander, G. Snell, S., 2009. Managing Human Resources. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Dela Cruz, T., 2004. Effective training helps retain employees, build morale. Hotel Motel Management, 219 (5), p. 11.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fitz-enz, J. Davison, B., 2002. How to measure human resources management. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Hosking, R., 2009. Cost-Effective Staffing Strategies for a Difficult Economy. OfficePro, 69 (20), pp. 21-22. Huang, T., Budhwar, P., Debrah, Y., 2001. Part I: Human resource management in Asia: Chapter 4: Human resource management in Taiwan. Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, pp. 56-74. Lawler, E. E. Fitzenz, J., 2004. Human resources business process outsourcing: transforming how HR gets its work done. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Morrison, S. Spink, R., 2010. How to make your workforce more cost effective. Health Service Journal (HSJ), 6 October, p. 15. Reddy, M.S., 2005. Human Resource Planning. Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. The Coca Cola Company. 2008. Coca Cola building dream teams in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Tourism Board. Yang, J. et al., 2008. Human resource staffing and service functions of community health services organizations in China. A nnals of Family Medicine, 6 (5), pp. 421-427.

Lactose Intolerant essays

Lactose Intolerant essays Lactose is the only common sugar that is of animal origin. Other sugars, such as sucrose and fructose, can be found only in plants. In nature, the only place you can find lactose is in the milk of mammals. Lactose is the principal carbohydrate found in milk, and composes about 2 to 8 percent of milk in all mammals. Although milk and other dairy products are the only natural sources of lactose, this sugar can also be found in many prepared foods. This information is particularly important to those who are lactose intolerant, meaning their bodies are unable to digest lactose. Some foods that may contain lactose include bread, breakfast cereals, lunch meats, and salad dressings. Under ordinary conditions of use and storage, lactose is stable and does not tend to react with the air around it. However, when heated to decomposition, lactose may form hazardous carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). In the human body, an enzyme called lactase decomposes lactose during the digestive process. Each lactose molecule is broken down into one glucose (C6H12O6) and one galactose (C6H12O6) molecule. When the word lactose is mentioned in everyday life, it is usually in the context of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the body is unable to digest significant amounts of lactose. This condition is caused by a shortage of the enzyme lactase, which is normally produced in the small intestine. During the normal digestive process, lactose is broken down by lactase into its component glucose and galactose subunits. These simple sugars are then absorbed from the digestive tract for use in the body. When there is not enough lactase to digest the lactose consumed, the unmetabolized lactose bui ...

Research Paper Format

Research Paper Format Research Paper Format Research Paper Format While writing research paper, you should keep in mind three essential parts of the research paper format: introduction, body, and conclusion. Research paper outline is your guide for organizing parts of your research paper writing into a coherent project.   You need to consult your tutor to get detailed instruction on research paper format. Body is the largest part of research paper writing.   While writing a research paper main body, you need to choose a strategy and keep it through the writing.   If you are able to link description with argument, it functions in a similar way to a quotation.   Research paper reader expects you to discuss it in relation to the content and purpose of writing. You may describe two laws or two kings of England.   Research paper topic determines the research paper format you need to use.   Sometimes, chronological order cannot be applied to theoretical analysis, while the historical research should be presented in chronological order. You may describe a social problem or a scientific discovery prior to going further into discussion of its implications. Research paper is about critical analysis and interpretation. Sure, interpretation should be based on reliable sources.   As essence of research paper writing holds, you have to research something (an issue, an event, etc.).   You should be very careful with the choice of materials and devote a lot of time and efforts to description, analysis, and planning of the research paper format.   You should make points, construct arguments, and remain critical of your own writing. You may analyze pros and cons of what has already been noted on the issue.   For example, you may note that some of the studies have lost their actuality and can no longer be used as a foundation for current research.   Any tutor will advise you to focus your writing on recent publications and be attentive to the personal biases.   Do not let your personal opinion distort the facts! .com Our research paper writers are available 24/7 to assist you with any assignment. Custom written research papers will definitely meet academic requirements and be up to the academic level.   Every writer we employ is capable of following the instruction.   We ensure proper research paper format and logical organization of ideas.   You may have good understanding of the topic, while we know how to put your knowledge and research findings on the paper. Custom written research paper of high quality is your chance to get an A+ on your assignment.

Organizational Stakeholders Affected by Ethical or Unethical Behavior Essay

Organizational Stakeholders Affected by Ethical or Unethical Behavior at Boeing - Essay Example The unethical behaviors manifested by Condit and Stonecipher were not exemplary because they failed to adhere to the prevailing policies that the company initiated in order to provide a good venue for business, as specified in the case. As a result, this created a significant impact, primarily on the level of trust that the investors will have to guarantee for Boeing. For example, the anomalous contract between Sears and Druyun forced Condit to resign, which required the image of Boeing for further cleaning up, as primarily depicted on the ideal move of Stonecipher, Condit’s replacement. This resulted to cancellation of contracts with potential investors for around billions of dollars. On the other hand, Stonecipher violated the company’s code of conduct, which he himself mandated for the employees. He had a consensual relationship with a female employee, which is a behavior that would strongly stand against the prevailing company policy. Therefore, the image of Boeing has become so poor, affecting not only the potential investors, but also directly the employees within the organization. 2. What organizational approach to social responsibility did Boeing appear to use under the leadership of Condit and Stonecipher? How do you think the approach changed under McNerney’s leadership?... However, under his leadership, even though he attempted to clean up the mess of the previous administration, he failed to provide exemplary actions on how exactly he was forceful in implementing the company’s prevailing policies he mandated himself. Changing the culture of the company, with openness and accountability primarily to ward off illegal financial reporting is one of the ultimate concerns of McNerney’s administration. Added to this is to implement teamwork and improve morals. Now this may sound like McNerney is heading to include placing value, treating employees well and fairly, and sourcing of ethical business partners. By doing all of these, what might turn out as mess in the previous administration will remarkably generate a substantial improvement under McNerney’s administration as the bottom line of his action is to promote an organization that will operate in a socially responsible way. 3. Are the actions McNerney is proposing likely to improve e thics at Boeing? If yes, explain why. If now, tell what actions McNerney could take that would be effective. Let us recall the point of McNerney prior to his entry at Boeing. This person is not afraid to take the plunge into change, giving a higher possibility that he would guarantee total restoration of the prevailing morals in the company. In the first place, one significant manifestation that he could be capable of initiating change was his ability to look at the culture first at Boeing. He has in mind to change the prevailing culture to develop transparency. This alone could help us decide whether McNerney is proposing for the company is most likely to improve ethics at Boeing. At the positive side, yes it will definitely pave a way moving forward to a positive

Performance Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Evaluation - Essay Example In this context, continuous performance evaluation plays a significant role for determining the merit or worth of a program or solution. The ultimate purpose of determining the value is to provide the information to the top level managers, for formulating action-oriented decisions that helps in enhancing performance of programs and organizations. As stated by Guerra-Lopez (2008), â€Å"every component driven by the evaluation must be aligned with the organizations’ expectations and objectives and the decisions that will have to be made as a result of the evaluation findings† (Guerra-Lopez, 2008). Evaluation of performance helps in comparing the result with expectation. It also assists in preparing action plans for improving the programs and solutions being analyzed, so that expected performance is achieved and sustained as well as organizational contributions and objectives can be realized. Job description and performance appraisal are the important parts of performance evaluation. Performance evaluation can be performed for any operating objectives of an organization but here employees’ performance evaluation with respect to their job and performance appraisal of McDonald’s will be conducted. T... The company also employs a considerable number of around 1.7 million people in its chain of restaurants (McDonald’s Corporation, 2010). With these given virtues and with due consideration to the organizational objectives, performance evaluation can apparently be stated as a vital aspect in McDonald’s. McDonald's being in a service-oriented industry, the company requires providing significant consideration to the aspect of employee satisfaction and productivity with the purpose to attain superior customer satisfaction. Attaining sustainable growth through employee satisfaction and quality services to customers is among the most crucial objectives considered by the organization at present (McDonald’s Corporation, 2010). Therefore, it becomes quite essential for the organization to focus on the continuous performance evaluation of its employees and the organization as well so as to identify the continuous change in the customers’ preferences and the employee performances. Compensation Strategy In this competitive market, it has become quite challenging task for the employers to acquire and sustain productive, knowledgeable and talented manpower, especially in the service sector so as to gain sustainable growth. With due consideration to the fact that employees in terms of human resources are quite significant for organizational growth, training and evaluation have emerged to be the prime concern of the Human Resource Department (HRD). It is in this context that Human Resource Management (HRM) approaches are being provided with greater stress in order to enhance the contribution of employees in the overall organizational

Developing a New Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (Marketing Plan) Essay

Developing a New Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (Marketing Plan) - Essay Example The situation analysis has been conducted using PESTLE and SWOT analysis. PESTLE analysis disclosed that the macro-economic factors are favourable for Ford’s hybrid car market development. However, after the financial crisis, the purchasing power of the UK consumer has reduced and hence the demand of high cost hybrid cars will remain low for few years. High brand image and large portion of market share are the two major strengths of Ford in UK, and increasing competition and high production cost are the major threat for the company. Major target market consists of high income group people who are tech savvy and environmentally conscious. The marketing strategy has been planned after considering the marketing, financial and societal objectives. As per the features of four P’s, Ford is expected to follow differentiation strategy by bringing product developments. Promotional activities are important for spreading consumers’ awareness for hybrid cars offered by Ford and hence, it will follow integrated marketing communication (IMC) approach for better performance. The financial planning is done based on projected sales revenue, and the anticipated profit for the years will be minimum. However, with increasing demand in the following years, the profitability is expected to increase. For controlling, evaluation and adjustments of strategies, balanced scorecard (BSC) approach is very effective as it includes major business perspectives. Ford will also use financial techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing strategy. 2. Introduction Globalization has brought several improvements in the society. In the case of economic developments, globalization has helped to encourage the trade and business among the world countries. Besides, with time, there has been a significant development in the field of technology that further expands the scope of trade and business in the global market. This has encouraged free trade policies and oligopol y market structure. As a result, competitiveness among the players in a given industry has been intensified to a higher extent. This competitiveness has urged the companies to gain a competitive advantage for avoiding unnecessary competition and achieving an upper hand position in the market (Reid, 2002). In this process, in the post-modern business organisations, developments and execution of effective strategic marketing plans has become inevitable tasks for them. Marketing activities are used for a number of reasons, for example, for increasing sales revenues, for brand developments, for promoting corporate image, for gaining trust of local market, for cost efficiency and for sustainability (Burrow, 2008, p.260). An extensive marketing plan includes a number of tasks and activities like developments of mission & objectives, environmental analysis, formulation, execution and evaluation of marketing strategies & tactics. In this process, marketers have to consider multiple elements of marketing. The primary element of marketing is known as four P’s i.e. product, price, promotion and place. Business organisati

A piece of writing of Graphene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A piece of writing of Graphene - Essay Example The interesting thing about graphene is that it has huge power along with adequate electrical conductivity and elasticity. Graphene is actually a significantly huge aromatic molecule. Graphite can get its crystalline form by combining a number of sheets of graphene together. Graphene is regarded as the most fundamental structural component of a few carbon allotropes. For example, graphene lays the basis of graphite, fullerenes, charcoal, etc. The discovery of graphene has immense significance as various new possibilities of research in the area of physics have opened up. Researches in graphene have also helped in opening up huge scopes of its application in high-tech fields. Graphene is considered to be one of the most potential and adaptable components that have ever discovered in the area of physics. (Geim; 2009; Sakamoto 2009). The production of Graphene: Graphene can be separated from graphite as an isolated plane of carbon atoms. People now know that a minute portion of graphene sheet can be produced by abrading graphite. For example, one can get a tiny piece of graphene sheet when one draws a line on paper with a pencil. (Geim; 2009). During the year of 2008, the production of graphene used to be done by exfoliation. This graphene produced through such exfoliation was considered to be one of the most costly components in this world as this component which so small that can be placed on a tiny portion of the cross section of human hair did costs around as much as $1000 in 2008. Since, 2008, the process of exfoliation has been increased and various companies are now selling graphene in huge amount. Researchers have also discovered cheaper version of graphene (Segal, 2009). For example, Korean researchers have produced cheap graphene through the process of transfer of nickel. Graphene can, in fact, be produced by employing different types of methods. Some of the production processes of graphene are listed below: Producing Graphene through Drawing Method: The drawing method is actually a modified version of exfoliation method. Earlier, in this method, a solid tape was used to repetitively divide crystals of graphite into more thin prices to form graphene. The extremely thin flakes of Graphene then used to be dissolved in liquid acetone and after a few steps they were to be sedimented. Over time, the technique of drawing graphene from graphite has been simplified. Particularly, major modification has been done in the step of disposition. Instead of making graphene floating in acetone, the scientists have started to use the method of dry disposition of flakes. (Geim and Novoselov, 2007) Production through heating silicon carbide: Another popular process of producing graphene is heating silicon carbide at a high temperature in order to reduce it to graphene. In this process silicon carbide is heated at more that 1100 degree centigrade. In this method, the dimension of the graphene produced depends on the dimension of the silicon wafer. The face of the silicon wafer which is utilized for the formation of graphene, has significant capacity to influence the density and the level of mobility of graphene. If graphene is produced using this method, then a number of properties of graphene can clearly be visualized. For example, in the graphene produced through heating silicon carbide a kind of feeble anti-localization of the component can be

An Analysis of Delivering Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Analysis of Delivering Benefits - Essay Example Therefore FedEx in order to curtail its health care expenses offered variety of different health care plans; previously the company was facilitating employees health care needs by offering health care benefits through managed care programs like HMO (health maintenance organization) and PPO (preferred provider organization) but later company realized that there is further need of improvements in this regard. As a result company offered various different health care plans; the main logic behind this act was to engage more and more employees in the health care benefits plans by giving them various options to choose from, so that they can be best served and company on the other hand can save handsome amount of money. For achieving this target FedEx very succinctly offered its employees the option to choose from the current health care providers, however if one plans to see a doctor that is not under the panel of FedEx then different volume of deduction will be carried out from employees salaries. By educating and informing employees about the services and pathway related to avail these services resulted in controlling the health care budget up to great extent. As employees at time often go to see a doctor for minor problems because of the health care allowances that their companies are offering. Furthermore there are several other options that employees can use in order to cheat in this regard. These miss usages of health care facilities resulted in paying companies more; moreover to further worsen this situation inflation related to health care services are growing rapidly. As a result companies have no options but to muzzle these expenses as was the case with FedEx. FedEx timely and calculated action in terms of enhancing its policies regarding health care services proved to of vital importance as employees were not questioning the extra deductions because every thing was explained to them prior and they were given the power to choose from the different offerings . Ultimately results in controlling and muzzling the health care expenses genie. Answer 2: It is believe that companies when searching or hiring for employees look for a physically fit and energetic employees so that they can gain maximum advantage from them. As Human Resource manager are always looking to hire an individual that will turn out to be an asset for the company not a liability. However human beings at times are fragile and have tendencies to be affected from the environment and get some diseases. There are some that are born with some diseases. Therefore companies while recruiting look for physical fit employees in most situations especially companies that require more physical fitness like logistics industry. FedEx falls under the category of courier and logistics service provider company, therefore their hunt for fit employees is obvious, furthermore after hiring the company ensures that these fit recruits should remain fit for the longer run so that they can best ser ve the company’s purpose. In a recent past FedEx in order to best serve its employees not only made adjustments in the health care benefits programs but also created a department that provides medical assistance by giving advices regarding how to remain fit. Furthermore employees can even ask or share their fitness related issues from them especially those who are having chronic diseases like asthma, sugar and arthritis. The main logic

Ideal Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideal Leader - Essay Example They have a tendency to learn fast from their mistakes and take different actions to produce different results. Common people keep on repeating the same action expecting a different result. stick to the tried and tested formulas even if they think that something else might work better. Society has a tendency to follow the age old practices and rules without really thinking about their results. Even if they think that the things going on are wrong and unfair, they do not have guts to raise their voice against it and take responsibility for that. They fear the repercussions of going against the authority. Leaders take the decisions on the behalf of all the people who he is leading. When leaders take a decision, they are well aware of the fact that their decisions are going to affect the lives of all the people who they are leading. This is a huge responsibility to bear. However, they are not scared of shouldering this responsibility (Fairholm 2000. p. 66). Society if full of people who follow the rules, thinking patterns and social practices that are set from ages together. They hardly question the injustice and the bias towards people of particular ethnic background. Raising a voice against the social injustice means going against the ancestors and the authority that supports those rules. It is like going against the orthodox religious practices and government rules. This could mean punishment, criticism from the authoritative figures and isolation by the society. However, leaders are not afraid of it. They know what they are doing is right and no threat can suppress them from taking the action against it. People who dare to talk against the traditional practices are often alone in their journey

A piece of writing of Graphene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A piece of writing of Graphene - Essay Example The interesting thing about graphene is that it has huge power along with adequate electrical conductivity and elasticity. Graphene is actually a significantly huge aromatic molecule. Graphite can get its crystalline form by combining a number of sheets of graphene together. Graphene is regarded as the most fundamental structural component of a few carbon allotropes. For example, graphene lays the basis of graphite, fullerenes, charcoal, etc. The discovery of graphene has immense significance as various new possibilities of research in the area of physics have opened up. Researches in graphene have also helped in opening up huge scopes of its application in high-tech fields. Graphene is considered to be one of the most potential and adaptable components that have ever discovered in the area of physics. (Geim; 2009; Sakamoto 2009). The production of Graphene: Graphene can be separated from graphite as an isolated plane of carbon atoms. People now know that a minute portion of graphene sheet can be produced by abrading graphite. For example, one can get a tiny piece of graphene sheet when one draws a line on paper with a pencil. (Geim; 2009). During the year of 2008, the production of graphene used to be done by exfoliation. This graphene produced through such exfoliation was considered to be one of the most costly components in this world as this component which so small that can be placed on a tiny portion of the cross section of human hair did costs around as much as $1000 in 2008. Since, 2008, the process of exfoliation has been increased and various companies are now selling graphene in huge amount. Researchers have also discovered cheaper version of graphene (Segal, 2009). For example, Korean researchers have produced cheap graphene through the process of transfer of nickel. Graphene can, in fact, be produced by employing different types of methods. Some of the production processes of graphene are listed below: Producing Graphene through Drawing Method: The drawing method is actually a modified version of exfoliation method. Earlier, in this method, a solid tape was used to repetitively divide crystals of graphite into more thin prices to form graphene. The extremely thin flakes of Graphene then used to be dissolved in liquid acetone and after a few steps they were to be sedimented. Over time, the technique of drawing graphene from graphite has been simplified. Particularly, major modification has been done in the step of disposition. Instead of making graphene floating in acetone, the scientists have started to use the method of dry disposition of flakes. (Geim and Novoselov, 2007) Production through heating silicon carbide: Another popular process of producing graphene is heating silicon carbide at a high temperature in order to reduce it to graphene. In this process silicon carbide is heated at more that 1100 degree centigrade. In this method, the dimension of the graphene produced depends on the dimension of the silicon wafer. The face of the silicon wafer which is utilized for the formation of graphene, has significant capacity to influence the density and the level of mobility of graphene. If graphene is produced using this method, then a number of properties of graphene can clearly be visualized. For example, in the graphene produced through heating silicon carbide a kind of feeble anti-localization of the component can be

Ideal Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideal Leader - Essay Example They have a tendency to learn fast from their mistakes and take different actions to produce different results. Common people keep on repeating the same action expecting a different result. stick to the tried and tested formulas even if they think that something else might work better. Society has a tendency to follow the age old practices and rules without really thinking about their results. Even if they think that the things going on are wrong and unfair, they do not have guts to raise their voice against it and take responsibility for that. They fear the repercussions of going against the authority. Leaders take the decisions on the behalf of all the people who he is leading. When leaders take a decision, they are well aware of the fact that their decisions are going to affect the lives of all the people who they are leading. This is a huge responsibility to bear. However, they are not scared of shouldering this responsibility (Fairholm 2000. p. 66). Society if full of people who follow the rules, thinking patterns and social practices that are set from ages together. They hardly question the injustice and the bias towards people of particular ethnic background. Raising a voice against the social injustice means going against the ancestors and the authority that supports those rules. It is like going against the orthodox religious practices and government rules. This could mean punishment, criticism from the authoritative figures and isolation by the society. However, leaders are not afraid of it. They know what they are doing is right and no threat can suppress them from taking the action against it. People who dare to talk against the traditional practices are often alone in their journey

Knowledge vs. Experience Essay Example for Free

Knowledge vs. Experience Essay The famous Indian philosopher J. Krishnamurti once said, â€Å"There is no end to education. It is not that you read a book, pass an examination, and finish with education. The whole of life, from the moment you are born to the moment you die, is a process of learning.† (whale.to/a/krishnamurti) Krishnamurti is addressing learning as a process in which an individual tries to gain certain knowledge for predestined purposes. He clearly believes that rote memorization is inferior to learning from experiences. Academic knowledge through textbooks can teach individuals theories about life. Life, however, deviates from theory frequently. The only way individuals are going to know about these deviations is when they experience the struggles and fruits of life on their own. [Similarly, in this compelling novel by Herman Hesse, Siddhartha learns that enlightenment cannot be reached through his 7 teachers because it cannot be instilled in an individual’s mind -enlightenment comes from the inner self and through the experiences in which one must obtain wisdom from.] he said it can be a little better In the opening of the novel, Siddhartha is influenced by outside teachings in his search for enlightment. His father and his associated community ideally want him to become a successful Brahmin, instead of joining the Samanas. Everyone else around him still has not reached enlightenment, and Siddhartha feels that residing with them will increase his curiosity regarding his presence in life.(Siddhartha to himself) [â€Å"He had begun to suspect that his worthy father and his other teachers, the wise Brahmins, had already passed on to him the bulk of their wisdom†¦ his soul was not at peace.† (3)] Siddhartha craves to better acknowledge the innermost essence of self and its connection to the world in a society. The knowledge passed on to him however does not explain this, which is why Siddhartha speculates the origins of the world and his place in it. When Siddhartha departs on his journey to achieve nirvana, he joins the Samanas and accustoms quickly to their lifestyle because of the endurance and discipline he learned in the Brahmin rituals. He learns how to free himself from the materialistic world he was living in, losing his desire for ownership and apparel. However Siddhartha is still unsatisfied. The path of self-denial does not provide an established solution for Siddhartha. He comes to the realization which is this: the Samanas have been just as unsuccessful as the previous guidance he has encountered. Siddhartha’s thirst for knowledge has only increased, as he tells his good friend, â€Å"I suffer thirst, Govinda, and on this long Samana path my thirst has not grown lessI have always thirsted for knowledge.† (15) Siddhartha is still curious, thus Govinda convinces him that they both should leave the Samanas and seek out the Buddha. During Siddhartha’s quest for enlightment, he and Govinda are looking for Gotama’s whereabouts. As they are taken in, Siddhartha is informed about a teaching called the Eightfold Path and the four main points in order to achieve the permanent solution of abstaining from the pleasures of the world. However, while Govinda is entirely influenced by these teachings, Siddhartha is still not satisfied. (Gotama to Siddhartha ) [â€Å"The teaching which you have heard†¦is not to explain the world to those who are thirsty for knowledge†¦its goal is salvation from the suffering.†(27)] Siddhartha is still unsatisfied, and desires to comprehend the meaning of life’s purpose in the world in an accomplished way. Like the Samanas, Buddha’s followers escape from reality without connecting to it. Most importantly, Siddhartha feels that he cannot achieve enlightment from an external source such as a teacher. He reasons that in order to reach enlightenment, one must learn only through experience and teachings by other mentors. Wisdom is gained through experience, while knowledge is taught. This is the reason he cannot accept Buddha’s teachings. At this point of the novel, Siddhartha knows he will have to depart his good friend behind to begin a search for the meaning of life which will be based on experience, rather than religious teachings. Siddhartha determines to set out on a life abstaining from meditation and to instead enter the material world to explore the physical pleasures of his body. In this new world of his, Siddhartha encounters a friendly ferryman, living his free life to its fullest. After crossing the ferryman’s river, he arrives to a city where a beautiful m istress named Kamala mesmerizes him. He believes she would be the most worthy one to teach him about the physical aspects of love, but Kamala will only instruct him until he proves he can fit into the materialistic world. With her guidance, Siddhartha takes up the path of the merchant and engages in business with a man named Kamaswami who taught him how to trade. While Siddhartha achieves the wisdom of the business world and experiences how to do business in the material world, Kamala becomes his lover and teaches him about every physical aspect of love. [â€Å"She taught him that lovers should not separate from each other after making love†¦so that no feeling of desolation arise nor the horrid feeling of misusing† (54)] Siddhartha renounces the spiritual path and exchanges the search for Atman to experience physical pleasures. However, Siddhartha and Kamala are both incapable to give and receive real love at this stage in the novel. Siddhartha has eliminated himself from the world completely and is not influenced by what the world has to offer him. Since both these external guides are unable to teach him wisdom, he knows he must now achieve wisdom on his own. This consciousness itself comes from his inner self. Siddhartha starts his path to seek enlightenment leaving the Brahmins, the Samanas, Gotama, and the material world becau se he feels unhappy with himself. As Siddhartha leaves the corrupted material world, he approaches a river and considers what direction his life has taken him. Ironically, the same ferryman whom he met years before introduces himself with the identity as Vasudeva. Siddhartha senses inner peace and wisdom within this man, and motivates him to obtain it as well. Eventually Siddhartha resides and works with Vasudeva until he comes to know his son was born. With his son, Siddhartha finally experiences love, but since love is a connection to the world, it threatens to distract Siddhartha from his search for enlightenment. It’s not until now when Siddhartha has gained wisdom on his own without any materialistic influences, therefore the love he expresses for his son becomes a test of this wisdom. (Siddhartha to himself) [â€Å"It is a good thing to experience everything oneself†¦as a child I learned that pleasures of the world and riches were not good†¦ but I have only just experienced it now† (80) ]Siddhartha implies that the Buddha’s teachings or any source of external guidance do not make one enlightened; they on ly transfer knowledge to the society around them. Siddhartha is aware enlightenment can only be reached if he will be able to accept love, and as difficult as it might be, to even achieve Nirvana. Successfully, Kamala and his son influenced him heavily and because of them, Siddhartha learned and experienced how to love the world and accept it as a whole. Siddhartha encounters many teachers of wisdom during his journey, but each fails to lead him to his goal: to seek enlightenment. The ferryman however, is successful and shows Siddhartha how to find enlightenment within him by blocking out all exterior guidance. [Vasudeva will not simply tell Siddhartha what he should know like the others, but a guide who will lead him where he wishes to go.] After leaving the material world, Siddhartha seeks for knowledge from the river he crossed and Vasudeva guides Siddhartha to listen to it for a better understanding of what the river communicates. Vasudeva does not tell Siddhartha what the river will say, but when Siddhartha discloses what the river has expressed to him, Vasudeva clearly admits that he too has received the same wisdom on his own. Now, Siddhartha realizes that he himself becomes the ferryman after reaching enlightenment. (Siddhartha speaking to himself) [ â€Å"The river is everywhere at the same time†¦ Siddhartha the boy, Siddhartha the mature man, and Siddhartha the old man [are] only separated by shadows, not through reality.† (87)] The river is compared to Siddhartha as it is considered continuous but yet always altering within, deeper below the body of water. Siddhartha now belongs to everything surrounding him instead of being classified to a particular group. At the end of the novel, Govinda returns to the river, still seeking enlightenment, and asks Siddhartha to teach him what he has learned. Siddhartha explains that neither he nor any other individual can teach the wisdom to Govinda, because spoken explanations are definite and can never communicate enlightenment as a whole. (Siddhartha to Govinda)[â€Å"When someone is seeking †¦he is unable to find anything†¦because he is obsessed with his goal.† (113) ] Govinda is confused just like he was when they met near the river after Siddhartha had considered suicide. This means he still does not understand the meaning of life because he hasn’t experienced the world, remaining a follower to Buddha. Therefore, Siddhartha’s ultimate attainment of Nirvana does not come from external guidance communicating the wisdom to him, but instead by experiencing an internal connection with the river, which encompasses the whole universe.

Creating a conducive classroom Enviroment

Creating a conducive classroom Enviroment When I think of a conducive classroom, the first thing that comes to mind is the climate and atmosphere of the room. Is the room inviting? Is the environment set up in such a way that everyone has access to everything in the room? Does the teacher come off as a warm, caring person? In a conducive classroom, it is the teachers role to create such an environment that children can and will succeed regardless of their educational background, their cultural background or even the language they speak. A teacher needs to establish an effective climate where she still maintains authority and organization, where there is mutual respect and good rapport between each other. As an educator of ELL students, the classroom needs to be a place that will influence the childs achievement and help boost their self-esteem, and have planned organized activities at their levels which can produce success. The ELL student can present many problems for a teacher in the classroom if the teacher is not prepare d to teach this type of population. ELL students often come to school with many disadvantages such as learning a new language, learning new content, cultural differences, socioeconomical issues and the list could go on. In his book, The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom, Stephen Krashen often speaks of the different levels for Language- Acquisition-sometimes referred to as The Natural Approach and how it is a natural process for students to learn the language. In fact, some say it is so natural that it requires very little education and planning on the teachers part, for an ELL student to learn a new language. I took this to mean, if you just put them amongst their peers the learning and language-acquisition will happen. But, as an educator for many years, I can honestly say, I have worked very hard to establish the best policies and practices for a successful conducive classroom. But even after many years of working with the ELL population, I can honestly say I can improve on different strategies that would not only make me a better teacher, but would also benefit my ELL students as well. Problems or issues in the classroom: Building Trust If I had to make any improvements working towards a conducive classroom for my ELL students, I would have to say I could work on establishing more trust from my students, and working on my routines in the classroom. Even though I try to establish a sense of trust with every student, sometimes you will not gain every ones trust in the room but a teacher must continue to try. That is why before the school year even begins, I try to get to know my students during the Meet the Teacher Day offered at our school the week prior to the first day of school. It is during this time I start to build trust. This gives us a chance to get to know one another and during this time, I start to get a feel for my students, their parents, and the family situation. From the minute I shake their hand at meet and greet, I try to make them feel as if we have been together an entire school year already. To help gain trust, I begin by letting them explore their classroom, choose what seat they would like, and I ask them a few questions about their likes and dislikes. I want my students to feel as though I care about them as a teacher and a friend. Even though I try to establish a student/teacher trust, a problem I have found over the years is that not all students feel they can trust a teacher or other adults because of their cultural upbringings. Even though I tell them they can come to me for anything, many are hesitate because they do not want to get a family member in trouble, and believe me, I can see how this affects their school work. So, my solution to the problem is to share personal stories that I think the students can relate to and then ask if anyone has had something similar happen to them. Sometimes it works and they trust in me, other times, they simply keep things inside. Another way I try to establish trust is by showing the student that I care and value their language and culture. I start doing this by pairing up a limited English speaking student with an English proficient student that will help them throughout the day or however long they need each other. Research has shown that when students can continue to learn in their own language the non proficient student will actually learn English faster (Cummins, 1991). That is why, as I am teaching my lessons, I will allow my students to speak to each other in their native tongue which helps the non proficient student understand what is being taught and what is expected of them. There is nothing worse than having new students get lost at the beginning of a school year, and then you will have lost them forever. Even though I try to establish trust in this manner, there are still times I may forget about the non proficient student and when I hear talking during a lesson, I sometimes get upset only to real ize they are translating for me. I feel that every teacher needs to get to know their students on a personal basis; they need to build trust and respect for each other. Teachers need to look beyond the students proficiency levels, their cultural backgrounds, their social-economical status, and remember they are people and we need to embrace our differences and teach them as we would any child. By building a relationship of mutual trust, a teacher can help relieve the anxiety many ELL students feel and therefore provide a conducive classroom that is beneficial to all. Research on Building Trust Maslow, (Maslow, 1968) discusses the basic strategies for safety and security for a new student. One of the very first things he says is that every new student should be assigned a personal buddy, preferably one who speaks the same language. This person would help the new student throughout the day to make sure he/she knows the routines and how to navigate around the school. Additional solutions include that of established routines. Research states if a classroom has routines in place, this can help to lower the ELL students anxiety and it helps them become a part of the classroom (Krashen Terrell 1983). Problems or issues in the classroom: Daily Routines Another issue I may face is trying to set-up the perfect routine. To me, there is nothing more conducive in a classroom that has structure that will promote student success. Structure and routines in a classroom can make all the difference in a successful or a non successful room. In the beginning of the year, I have simple routines that everyone, regardless if they speak English or not, can follow. The routines are so basic and they establish what is expected of each and every student. By having such a routine in place, any new student, ELL or otherwise, can come into the room and know what is expected of them after just 1 or 2 days. A well planned routine helps ease the expectations of many new comers. It does not require them to know English to begin fitting into the classroom. My routines also include how groups are made and organized. I have small groups for every subject area and the students know where they are assigned. Even though I like to think I have the perfect routine established, and my students know how to move from one routine to another, that is not always the case, because at a Title 1 school, I have found that routines are made to be broken, which is something I have to learn to deal with. At a Title 1 school on any given day, I receive numerous intercom interruptions from the office or other teachers asking for so and so to be sent to the Counselors office, or nurses office, or reading/writing lab, or my favorite, they are going home, could you make sure they have their homework. Call me old-school, but, I really like a structured classroom, so whenever I am interrupted it throws everything off. I found that I have to monitor and adjust my schedule on a daily basis, so you can imagine how my students feel when I say, OK we need to change this or that, it takes them a lot longer to adjust. So, I guess one problem I have when establishing a conducive classroom is how to deal with change on a daily basis and how to make the transitions easier for my students as not to disrupt the learning going on. Professional Research on Routines Establishing routines in the classroom is one of the easiest strategies to help ELL students lessen their stress and enjoy their days in schools. In their book, 50 Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners, (Herrell Jordan 2008), go so far as to walking a teacher through the process step by step on how to set up a classroom. Other research also mentions that ELL students need cooperative groupings to interact orally with their peers (ESL learners: a guide for classroom teachers). The guide goes on to say that structured learning groups have many positive outcomes in academic achievement, increase in communication skills, race relations, and social development. I am a firm believer in cooperative learning groups. There have been many times I have seen students teach other and explain things to each other, in only ways they understand. Where I am in producing a conducive learning environment As a veteran teacher of 15 plus years, I believe I already have a classroom that is conducive to the ELL student. To me, it takes many years to establish such a room where the ELL student can produce and become successful. I have implemented many strategies to help ensure the success of each and every one of my students. My classroom is arranged in such a way that students have access to everything they need from bilingual dictionaries, technology, manipulatives, realia, learning centers, and small groupings. I also differentiate instruction, have established routines and structure, I embrace and learn all about my students cultures, I create an environment that makes a child feel comfortable and one that helps to relieve all anxieties a child may feel when entering a strange new place. I instill a love of learning through motivation, hands-on activities, and positive feedback. I understand as an educator that every student has different needs, and the ELL population may have even mo re than your typical American student, but I do whatever I have to, to make sure they have everything they need and to make sure they are in a conducive environment that is task-oriented, engaging, and supportive so that they can and will be successful. References Cummins, J. (1991) Language Development and Academic Learning Cummins, J in Malave, L. and Duquette, G. Language, Culture and Cognition Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Herrell, A. L., Jordan, M. (2008). 50 strategies for teaching English Language Learners, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Krashen, S.D. Terrell, T.D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. Oxford: Pergamon Press Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: VanNostrand.